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Chronic Kidney Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a long-term condition where the kidneys gradually lose their function over time. Since the kidneys play a vital role in filtering waste, excess fluids and toxins from the blood, any damage to them can lead to serious health complications. CKD is a progressive disease and if left untreated, may lead to kidney failure and require dialysis or  kidney transplant.

Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease:

  • Diabetes – High blood sugar levels can damage the tiny blood vessels in the kidneys.
  • High Blood Pressure – Increased pressure on kidney, blood vessels can impair function.
  • Glomerulonephritis – Inflammation of kidney filters, leading to damage.
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease – A genetic condition causing cysts in the kidneys.
  • Repeated Kidney Infections – Infections can lead to scarring and reduced kidney efficiency.
  • Obstruction in the Urinary Tract – Conditions like kidney stones or enlarged prostate can obstruct urine flow, causing damage over time.

Symptoms of CKD:

In early stage, CKD may not present noticeable symptoms. However, disease progresses individuals may experience:

  • Fatigue and weakness
  • Swelling in the hands, feet, face due to fluid retention
  • Changes in urine output (frequent urination, dark-coloured urine or foamy urine)
  • High blood pressure
  • Persistent nausea and vomiting
  • Shortness of breath
  • Muscle cramps and bone pain

Diagnosis of CKD:

Doctor may recommend the following tests to diagnose CKD:

  • Blood Tests – Measure creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels.
  • Glomerular Filtration Rate – Assesses how well the kidneys are filtering waste.
  • Urine Tests – Checks protein or blood in the urine.
  • Imaging Tests – Ultrasound or CT scan to detect abnormalities.
  • Kidney Biopsy – A tissue sample to identify underlying conditions.
Treatments:

While CKD has no cure, we can slow its progression.

  • Blood Pressure Control – Medications like ACE or ARBs help protect kidney function.
  • Diabetes Management – Balanced blood sugar levels reduces kidney strain.
  • Low-Sodium and Protein Diet – Reduces kidney workload.
  • Adequate Hydration – Flush toxins from the body.
  • Avoiding Medications – Some pain relievers can harm the kidneys.
  • Regular Monitoring – Routine check up to track kidney function.
Managing and Preventing CKD:
  • Maintain a healthy weight and stay physically active.
  • Eat a balanced diet like fruits, vegetables and whole grains.
  • Manage conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
  • Quit smoking and limit alcohol intake.
  • Stay hydrated and avoid excessive salt intake.